Echinoderms Gallery

Taxononomic Index

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Echinodermata

Subphylum Echinozoa

• Class Crinoidea (Crinoids)
  • Subclass Articulata
    • Order Isocrinida
      • Family Isocrinidae
        • Isocrinus annulatus (Roemer)   (Texas) 
    • Order Bourgueticrinida
      • Family Bathycrinidae
        •   Dunnicrinus mississippiensis Moore   (Mississippi) 
    • Order Uintacrinida
      • Family Uintacrinidae
        • Uintacrinus socialis Grinnell   (Mississippi) 
      • Family Marsupitidae
        • Marsupites americanus Springer  (Mississippi) 
• Class Asteroidea (Starfish)
  • Order Valutida
    • Family Goniasteridae
      • Metopaster tennesseensis Wade  (Mississippi) 
  • Subclass Ophiuroidea
    • Order Zygophiurae
      • Family Ophiolepididae
        • Ophiura graysonensis (Alexander)  (Texas) 
• Class Echinoidea (Sea Urchins)
  • Subclass Euechinoidea
    • Superorder Atelostomata
      • Order Cassiduloida
        • Family Nucleolitidae
          • Phyllobrissus cubensis (Weisbord)   (Texas) 
        • Family Faujasiidae
          • Hardouinia mcglameryae Cooke  (Mississippi) 
          • Hardouinia (Hardouinia) kellumi (Stephenson)   (North Carolina) 
          • Hardouinia (Hardouinia) florealis (Morton)  (Delaware) 
          • Hardouinia (Hardouinia) mortonis (Michelin)   (Mississippi and North Carolina) 
      • Order Holasteroida
        • Family Holasteridae
          • Hemipneustes striatoradiatus (Leske)   (Netherlands) 
          • Holaster simplex Shumard  (Texas) 
          • Craginaster completa (Cragin)  (Texas) 
          • Echinocorys texanus (Cragin)  (Texas) 
          • Cardiaster leonensis Stephenson  (Texas) 
    • Superorder Spatangoida
      • Order Micrasterina
        • Family Brissidae
          • Plesiaster americanus (Stephenson)   (Texas) 
      • Order Micrasterina
        • Family Micrasteridae
          • Micraster coranguinum (Leske)  (England) 
      • Order Hemiasterina
        • Family Hemiasteridae
          • Hemiaster bexari Clark   (Texas) 
          • Hemiaster whitei (Clark)  (Texas) 
          • Hemiaster cranium Cooke   (Texas) 
          • Palhemiaster calvini Clark (Texas) 
        • Family Schizasteridae
          • Proraster dalli (Clark)   (Texas) 
      • Order Toxasterina
        •   Family Toxasteridae
          • Heteraster obliquatus (Clark)  (Texas) 
          • Heteraster texanus (Roemer) (Texas) 
          • Macraster elegans (Shumard)  (Texas) 
          • Macraster wenoensis Adkins  (Texas) 
          • Macraster washitae Lambert  (Texas) 
          • Macraster texanus Roemer  (Texas) 
          • Macraster obesus Adkins  (Texas) 
    • Superorder Echinacea
      • Order Cidaroida
        • Family Cidaridae
          • Subfamily Stereocidarinae
            • Stereocidaris hudspethensis Cooke   (Texas) 
          • Subfamily Rhabdocidarinae
            • Phyllacanthus texanus Whitney & Kellum  (Texas) 
      • Order Hemicidaroida
        • Family Pseudodiadematidae
          • Dumblea symmetrica Cragin   (Texas) 
          • Loriolia rosana Cooke  (Texas) 
          • Tetragramma taffi (Cragin)  (Texas) 
          • Tetragramma streeruwitzi (Cragin)  (Texas) 
      • Order Phymosomatoida
        • Family Phymosomatidae
          • Porosoma reesidei Cooke  (North Carolina) 
          • Phymosoma texanum (Roemer)  (Texas) 
          • Rachiosoma hondoensis Cooke  (Texas) 
      • Order Arbacioida
        • Family Arbaciidae
          • Codiopsis stephensoni Cooke   (Texas) 
          • Goniopygus zitteli Clark  (Texas) 
      • Order Orthopsida
        • Family Orthopsidae
          • Orthopsis comalensis Whitney & Kellum   (Texas) 
      • Order Salenioida
        • Family Saleniidae
          • Subfamily Saleniinae
            • Salenia texana Credner  (Texas) 
            • Salenia mexicana Schlüter   (Texas) 
            • Salenia phillipsae Whitney & Kellum   (Texas) 
          • Subfamily Hyposaleniinae
            • Goniophorus scotti Lambert  (Texas) 
    • Superorder Gnathostomata
      • Order Holectypoida
        • Family Echinoeina
          • Subfamily Conulidae
            • Globator hancockensis (Whitney & Kellum)   (Texas) 
            • Globator parryi (Hall)   (Texas) 
        • Family Holectypina
          • Subfamily Anorthopygidae
            • Anorthopygus texanus Cooke  (Texas) 
          • Subfamily Holectypidae
            • Coenholectypus castilloi (Cotteau)  (Texas) 
            • Coenholectypus planatus (Roemer)  (Texas) 

 The classification scheme is based on several authors:

• Clarke, W. B. 1893.  The Mesozoic Echinodermata of the United States.  United States Geological Survey Bulletin 97.

• Clarke, W. B.; Twitchell, W. M.  1915.  The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States.  United States Geological Survey Monograph  54.
• Cooke, C. W.  1945.  American Upper Cretaceous Echinoidea.  United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 254-A, 1–44.
• Cooke, C. W.  1946.  Comanche Echinoids.  Journal of Paleontology 20 (3), 193–237.
• Cooke, C. W.  1955.  Some Cretaceous Echinoids from the Americas.  United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 264-E, 87–112.
• Moore, R. C.; Teichert, C., ed's.  1978.  Treatise On Invertebrate Paleontology,  Part T,  Echinodermata 2,  Volume 2.  Boulder & Lawrence:  Geological Society of America and University of Kansas.
• Murray, J. W. 1985. "Echinodermata (Echinoidea)". In: Atlas of Invertebrate Macrofossils. Murray, J. W., ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 182–190.
• Stephenson, L. W.  1941.  The Larger Invertebrate Fossils of the Navarro Group of Texas (Exclusive of Corals and Crustaceans, and Exclusive of the Fauna of the Escondido Formation).  University of Texas Bulletin 4101.